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Introduction@#According to the manuscript “Imperially commissioned complete record of the body”, the study was selected to clarify the name of the plant, as it is difficult to recognize and translate the medicinal raw materials directly from Manchu, Tibetan, Chinese, Latin, and Sanskrit into Uighur and Mongolian scripts.@*Methods@#We conducted our research using hermeneutic, verification, and checklist methods.@*Results@#“Imperially commissioned complete record of the body” scripture is a rare book based on European anatomical works that combine Western and Eastern medical knowledge. There is reason to believe that European medicine in Mongolia was a witness to the spread of the anthropology of the human body.</br> It is clear from the 6 books that the two volumes are based on the basic tenets of Indian and Chinese medicine, Buddhist philosophy, and the teachings of the five elements and yin-yang. The study included “Ingredients for Correcting Anxiety”, “Ingredients for Correcting Heart Attack,” and “Ingredients for Correcting Depression”. These three ingredients were the basis of the recipes of Oriental medicine in the European medical books. Comparing the taste, potency, and action of all selected medicinal raw materials using traditional medicine, such as “The quintessence Tantras of Tibetan Medicine” and other books, it is clear that the classical European medical tradition differs from the modern medical classification.@*Conclusion@#“Imperially commissioned complete record of the body” manuscript is a documentary scripture used by Mongolian shepherds and herdsmen on the achievements of European medicine, free from religious traditions and taboos. In addition, there found 18 traditional medicinal plants and 7 types of animal medicines used in heart disease.
ABSTRACT
@#Choijamts,the Buddhist image-maker and gelon of the Niislel Khuree (Capital Camp), lived during the last period of the 19th and early 20th centuries. He wrote a book “Gsorig zhungmangbsduspa›ibdudrtsi›isnyingpotshagrangzug rnguselba›ingomtshardga› stongtermdzodzhesbyababzhugs so” in short ngomtshardga› stongtermdzod. This is the comprehensive book about Traditional Mongolian medicine in Tibetan language and written by Mongolian scholar. In his book, the general diagnostic methods of traditional medicine consists of 3 parts: interrogation, pulse diagnosis, and analyzing patient’s urine. The diagnostic method in pediatrics in traditional medicine is based on the general method but different in some ways in consistence with the classification of diseases in children. For instance, there are 3 diagnostic methods in “Ngo mtshardga› stongtermdzod” are as follows:</br> 1. Inquire the symptoms of children from parents and examine the children’s faces</br> 2. Research the method of examining ear veins, identify its scientific nature, and open up possibility to use it in training</br> 3. Define the content and characteristics of methods of examining hot and cold quality of child’s ear by touching, and checking color and shape of veins and include these in curriculum of universities that offers traditional medicine program.</br> There are a number of interesting approaches to the diagnostic of children›s illnesses in the scope of the Sutra of “Ngo mtshardga› stongtermdzod”. In the future, there is a need for detailed study of each of these methods and input it into the curriculum,and teaching for medical students are essential.
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@#Since anatomist and doctor Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) knew that a thorough knowledge of human anatomy was essential to surgery, he devoted much of his time to dissections of cadavers and insisted on doing them himself, instead of relying on untrained assistants. As a result, he created his famous work called “De humani corporis fabrica libri septem” in 1543. This creation was evaluated as scientific discoveryin Europe.</br> Two hundred forty years later, Dominique Parennin (1665-1741)wrote the book “ManchuAnatomy”by the order of Kangxi Emperor (1654-1722). Thebook was written by hand and the Kangxi Emperor was given three copies. The whole name of the “Manchu Anatomy”is «Imperially-Commissioned Complete Record on the Body. Unfortunately, the Kangxi Emperor did not allow the publication of the book. It was indeed sad that Kangxi Emperor, who distinguished himself by his unusual intelligence and was noted for his encouragement of the arts and sciences, failed to perceive the importance of the «Manchu Anatomy». Had it been printed and disseminated it certainly would have revolutionized Chinese medicine, as Vesalius› «De humani corporis fabrica libri septem” did for European medicine.</br> However, Dominique Parennin has sent another special copy to the Royal Academy of Science in Paris, which he was a corresponding member. In a letter dated May 1, 1723 accompanying the «Manchu Anatomy» he wrote in old French: Vous serez peut-etre surpris que je vous envoye de- si loin un traite d›Anatomie, un corps de Medecine, et des questions de Physiques ecrites en une langue, qui, sans doute, vous est inconnue; mais votre surprise cessera quand- vous verrez que ce sont vos propres ouvrages que je vous envoye habilles a la Tartare. Oui, Messieurs, ce sont vos pensees et vos ingenieuses decouvertes. In this study, we have translated this letter into Mongolian and explained the content of letter. Thanks to this book, in Europe and America, the book is known as the Manchu Anatomy, and many researchers published several books and scientific articles about the book. However, there is no one who has found that this book has been translated into Mongolian except the Manchu language. Our next study is to compare the Manchus and the Mongolian texts of this book.
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@#In 1687 the first contingent of French Jesuits Joachim Bouvet (1656-1730) and others arrived in Manchu Qing dynasty, then under the reign of Kangxi (Enkh-Amgalan khaan). Bouvet and Gerbillon elected to remain in Beijing. Five years after they came, Kangxi was forty years of age (in 1692), he had malaria and could not be cured by medicine. A Jesuit priest presented quinine to Kangxi who was cured by this medicine. Having personally sampled and benefited from Western medicine, the Emperor became very interested in the foreigners’ science. He ordered Bouvet to prepare for his instruction a treatise on anatomy. The anatomy project was not resumed, for Bouvet soon departed for France. The task was later completed by another Jesuit, Dominique Parennin (1665-1741), who arrived in China in 1698. To serve as the blueprint for his assignment, Parennin chose the text of one of the standard works on anatomy in Europe at that time, written by Pierre Dionis, which he considered to be the most exact and clear. However, for the illustrations he preferred the text of the Dane, Thomas Bartholin [1]. Thus, the “Manchu anatomy” created based on the books of European anatomy in Manchu dynasty. </br> The significance of this research work is that Manchu anatomy was the first attempt to try to combine Western and Oriental medicine and also to be a modern anatomy base of the methods of traditional medicine. On the other hand, it can be said it is the first initiation to combine principles and views of Western medicine and Traditional Mongolian medicine. </br> The book “Manchu anatomy” was translated from Manchu language into Mongolian by Mongolian scholars as the title of “Imperially-Commissioned Complete Record on the Body.” We consider that this translation is completed one including 2 volumes and 6 chapters. Currently, it is impossible to tell the exact time when it was translated. However, we hope that to determine the exact time of the translation could be found further study. Later, in 1929, another version of Mongolian script was published in Inner Mongolia by the name of “Imperially-Commissioned ge ti ciovan lu bichig.” But it is not completed translation. </br> End of study we concluded that the “Manchu anatomy” is not only anatomical book based on European anatomical book but also it covers some knowledge of Oriental medicine. For example, Tibetan and Sanskrit names of medicine and their ingredients are in this book. Mongolian medicinal names originated from the animals, especially the names of internal organs which are not used in European countries. Most commonly, human body in this book divided into 5 vital organs and 6 hollow organs in accordance with black astrology of Oriental Medicine and expressed the connection among the embryo, body, and structure in the Western medical theory.
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@#Choijamts, the Buddhist image-maker and dge long of the Niislel Khuree (Capital Camp), lived during the last period of the 19th and early 20th centuries. He wrote a book “Gso rig gzhung mang bsdus pa’i bdud rtsi’i snying po tsha grang zug rngu sel ba’i ngo mtshar dga’ ston gter mdzod zhes bya ba bzhugs so” in short ngo mtshar dga’ ston gter mdzod. This is the comprehensive book about Traditional Mongolian medicine in Tibetan language and written by Mongolian scholar. </br> In the chapter 126, Choijamts mentioned a special treatment hi calls “Mongol cure.” In this chapter, patients have a bath with boiled, hot, and warm essences with ingredients of distilled whey, mare’s milk, vodka, tea, salt, salt-marsh, and Artemisia absinthium. Artemisia was use in order to cure kidneys, bad blood, and bile, hands, and legs to become numb, rheumatism, and bam-scurvy. Also it was mentioned that it is very good to cure tsagaan huyan (chronic of nerves) diseases and other radiculopathy. Careful preparations of that cure are vital before the Mongol cure-whey treatment begins. </br> Choijamts classified 30 commonly occurring diseases out of 64 wind diseases plus 47 bile’s diseases into warm and cold diseases. Also he divided phlegm into own root and other’s root. Then he classified further 6 common diseases out of 41 own root diseases and other’s root diseases as ulcer (bor uvchin) and chronic phlegm (badgan) disease in respiratory organ. Also he taught that ulcer is warm disease and phlegm is cold disease. In addition, he healed 30 wind diseases with 3 different medicines. </br> In addition, he mentioned that what kind of prescription is more effective to the diseases based on his own experience. Specifically, he describes how to choose the most popular prescription and how to prescribe the prescriptions in terms of weather and body temperament.
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@#The “Oral Instruction Tantra” of the “Four Medical Tantras” divides diseases in children into 4 parts: causes, condition, categories, and symptoms. The diseases are proven with inquiries and examination by touching and looking. The most interesting type of examination is considered to be touching, which the main part is pulse-feeling. However, pulse feeling of children in traditional medicine is different from that of adults. </br> The general diagnostic method of traditional medicine consists of 3 parts: pulse reading, visual diagnosis (tongue and urine), hearing, and investigation. The diagnostic method of pediatrics in traditional medicine is based on the general method but different in some ways in consistence with the classification of diseases in children. </br> The following conclusions are being made from the study. The basis of a pediatrics in Mongolia established when Mongolians began to learn the “Four Medical Tantras” of Indian Ayurvedic medicine in Sanskrit. </br> Since then, Mongolian doctors and scientists have created many works based on the books of Indian and Tibetan medicine scholars. Among them, there are several books about method of ear vein reading written by Mongolian doctors and scholars. </br> This is confirmed by this study. In addition to our study, it is also important for biographies of people who have been involved in the creation of the traditional knowledge including traditional medicine.